Privilege escalation is gaining access beyond the permissions assigned to an account, process, or service. Vertical escalation moves from a lower-privileged role to an administrator or system account; horizontal escalation accesses another user’s resources at a similar privilege level. Attack paths include software vulnerabilities, insecure authorization checks, exposed credentials, unsafe service configurations, and excessive permissions in operating systems, applications, cloud environments, or containers.
Successful escalation can let an attacker change security settings, access protected data, execute code as a trusted service, or establish control that survives an initial compromise. The most relevant defenses are least-privilege access, strong separation of administrative accounts, server-side authorization checks for every sensitive action, timely remediation of exploitable flaws, and review of permissions for users, services, and workloads. Logging privileged actions and unusual account or process behavior supports detection and helps determine whether a compromised low-privilege foothold reached higher-value systems.