Initial Access covers phishing, exploits, and stolen credentials used to enter systems; MFA, patching, and segmentation reduce the resulting foothold.
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Background for this topic.
Initial access is the attacker’s first successful entry into an organization’s systems, accounts, or network. In threat-model terms, it covers paths such as phishing, exploitation of internet-facing applications or devices, use of valid stolen credentials, and compromise of a supplier or trusted service. The objective is to obtain a foothold that can support later actions, including privilege escalation, internal movement, or data access; initial access does not necessarily mean the attacker has administrative control.
The main security concern is reducing the number and reliability of these entry paths. Priorities include promptly fixing vulnerabilities in externally exposed systems, enforcing phishing-resistant multifactor authentication for sensitive access, limiting exposed services and unnecessary privileges, and using email, endpoint, and authentication telemetry to detect suspicious entry. Security teams should preserve relevant logs and investigate unusual logins or newly created access promptly, because the time between initial compromise and follow-on activity may be short.
Travelers found that ransomware groups are focusing on targeting weak credentials on VPN and gateway accounts for initial access, marking a shift from 2023
Threat actors of unknown provenance have been attributed to a malicious campaign predominantly targeting organizations in Japan since January 2025
The China-lined threat actor behind the zero-day exploitation of security flaws in Microsoft Exchange servers in January 2021 has shifted its tactics to target the information technology (IT) supply chain as a means to obtain initial access to corporate networks